Fairly common in field edges, brushy areas, and mangroves. Often at head height, it feeds lower than many other warblers but not on the ground. One of 3 species (KIWA, PAWA) that always pumps tail, revealing its white outer tail feathers. Often the only warbler left singing in the midday sun — buzzy ‘zee’ notes steadily rising in pitch. Moves deliberately as though making sure it has enough time to pump tail. ID: A lightweight warbler with a slim feel due in large part to its long tail. Smooth lines, domed head, and pot belly. Focus on distinctive face pattern: pale line above eye and arc below it. All have yellow underparts with streaked flanks, uniform upperparts with weak wing bars. Ad ♂ br: boldly marked with rufous on back. In fall, colors subdued and rufous often difficult to see. Ad ♀/ 1st-yr ♂: duller version of ♂. 1st-yr ♀: browner upperparts, paler yellow underparts with weak streaks.